The Five International Relations Theories, Realism,...

Three of the five international relations theories, Realism, Liberalism, and Feminism have very interesting and different positions pertaining to global politics and issues. These theories, although quite different, effect the past present and future of global politics. Realists tend to believe the worst in humanity, that they are inherently selfish, and expect the worst. They are always prepared for war, and will go on the offensive if it means gaining more power and respect. Liberals do not think people are inherently selfish, but rather people are rational and moral. Liberals don’t want war, but will join if another state poses a threat, or has already attacked. The feminism theory does not pertain much to that of Realism and Liberalism, but more on the education of society and how women could have a positive impact on the government. This paper will cover these three theories, and go into detail on how they affect the world and the states they are currently and previously acted in. Realism is a theory that tries to explain the reasoning behind what people and the government do. According the Realists, humans are inherently selfish, and will do whatever it takes to gain and keep their power. With that being said, realists will also do what they can to gain and maintain national and international power. In Theories of International Relations, Jack Donnelly states, â€Å"The core or Realism lies in the conjunction of anarchy and egoism and the resulting imperatives of powerShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of International Relations1402 Words   |  6 Pagesare different theory of how international relations should operate, such as Liberalism, Realism, Marxism, Constructivism, the English school often called the international society, Feminism, Green theory, Hegemonic stability theory, Postmodernism and Post colonialism. This essay will be focus on realism and how relevant the realist perspective is in the 21st century international relations. Historically, Realism is the most important approach to discipline of international relations (Nicholson, 2002)Read MoreThe World Of International Relations2094 Words   |  9 PagesJust as this book serves as a great introduction to the world of international relations, the first chapter does a great job of exploring what the book will cover. It covers the many viewpoints of international relations. There are many concepts and terms that the chapter covers which can help one understand politics. Some of these key concepts are cognitive dissonance, mirror images, and enduring rivalries. Many key terms that increase one’s knowledge of world politics that are covered in this chapterRead MoreInternational Organizations And The Humanitarian Efforts Of The United Nations2063 Words   |  9 Pages International organizations have continually been praised for their contributions in less developing countries. One of the main assumptions about international organizations is that they have a large influence on developments and advancements made within developing countries. International organizations do in fact have a large impact on the developing world, but it is hard to pinpoint how much they have contributed and continue to contribute in the field of development globally. This paper willRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Addition, Constituents May Hold Members Accountable For

addition, constituents may hold members accountable for the collective actions of Congress (see Adler and Wilkerson 2012). Constituents overall prefer moderate legislators, which suggests the median-voter and personal voter matter of the incumbent reelection. Vanishing Marginals The effect of increasing approval of a district s member of Congress has increased the percentages of votes, which is influenced by a member’s congressional activities and explanations of these activities. Mayhew (1974), evaluating the margin of victory of House incumbents from 1956-1972, highlighted that there are vanishing marginals. Incumbents are being elected a higher vote percentage than in the past. Meaning that Congressmen are being reelected outside†¦show more content†¦Vulnerabilities vary from district to district based on differences of challenger’ skills, resources, and campaign messages (see Fenno 1978 - home-style; Jacobson 1980—campaign resources). Bauer and Hibbing (1989) take issue with Jacobson’s (1987) argument. They conclude that there has been an increase in the likelihood of incumbents winning â€Å"big† in the next election. Most incumbents lose to the redistricting factor or exogenous/perso nal scandals—such as Watergate. Moreover, they find a decrease the level of seat competition, which might explain the vanishing marginals. Considering, the decline of party organizations as a mechanism to select candidates for office and become â€Å"in-service† to candidates, offices that were once competitive are not longer to be sustained in a candidate-centered environment (King 1987, Mayhew 1974; Fiorina 2002). Candidates produce their personal brand to appear to voters. Hall and van Houweling (1995) evaluate the avarice and ambition of House members’ career decision. Politicians act toward their financial self-interests, and one such matter is the post-retirement pension benefits. Members impute value to leadership and expect to retain offices to obtain those ambitions. However, when it appears these ambitions will not be met, members look to other opportunities. For example, members whoShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Enlightened Statesmen Will Not Always Be At The Helm.†1463 Words   |  6 Pagespower away from Congress, undermining the system of checks and balances, and ultimately hurting American democracy. Concentration of power in the executive branch circumvents democratic deliberation and limits the people s ability to hold the government accountable through frequent elections of multiple representatives. The justifications for my argument include the writings of Madison in Federalist No. 51; and writings by Kernel, Neustadt, and Olson on â€Å"going public,† the logic of politics, presidentialRead MorePolitics C : The United States And The European Union1032 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyse to what extent the E.U. impinges upon the national sovereignty of its member states. In order to arrive at a conclusion my answer will provide analysis and evaluation of the powers and functions of the EU Commission, the council of ministers and the EU parliament. The nature of the relationship between each of the above instituti ons and the nature of the relationship between the European union and the individual member states with regard to national sovereignty. The European Union was establishedRead MoreCommunity Resilience As A Metaphor1529 Words   |  7 Pagesservices because the battle of mental health is a long term battle and should not be overlooked.† While the proposal does proportionate the funds, it fails to describe what each agency will do with the money. This makes it so the agencies are not held accountable for any actions because the proposal does not clarify how they must use their funds. While this is an attempt to improve the community resilience, it does not go far enough to make any real changes on the community. 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Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters Free Essays

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ABSTRACT: Disasters of both natural and technological origin have a considerable impact on communities. The effects of disasters in India are significantly reduced by well established counter disaster arrangements at all three levels of government. These arrangements comprise comprehensive plans of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery and in more recent times, of mitigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters or any similar topic only for you Order Now The economic effects of disasters can be devastating and widespread. When disasters strike houses, businesses and community infrastructure get damaged or destroyed and people’s livelihoods are temporarily and sometimes permanently disrupted. Physical damage is the most visible economic impact of disasters. Major natural disasters can and do have severe negative short-run economic impacts. Disasters also appear to have adverse longer-term consequences for economic growth, development and poverty reduction. But, negative impacts are not inevitable. Vulnerability is shifting quickly, especially in countries experiencing economic transformation – rapid growth, urbanization and related technical and social changes. In the Caribbean and Bangladesh there is evidence of both declining sensitivity to tropical storms and floods and increased resilience resulting from both economic transformation and public actions for disaster reduction. The largest concentration of high risk countries, increasingly vulnerable to climatic hazards, is in Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks emanating from geophysical hazards need to be better recognized in highly exposed urban areas across the world because their potential costs are rising exponentially with economic development. Natural disasters cause significant budgetary pressures, with both narrowly fiscal short-term impacts and wider long-term development implications. Reallocation is the primary fiscal response to disaster. Disasters have little impact on trends in total aid flows. Keywords: Disaster Impacts, Direct Economic Impacts, Indirect Economic Impacts, Intangible Economic Impacts. Submitted by: Dr. A. PADMAVATHI, Guest Faculty, Department of MCA, S. V. U. C. C. MC. S. , S. V. University, Tirupati-517502. Introduction: The economic effects of disasters are mostly seen as physical damage to infrastructure. More often than not loss of income through loss of trading activity and the time taken to re-establish such activity, particularly for agricultural industries, is overlooked. The consequences of extended periods of trading or production down-time can result in bankruptcy, forced sale, business closure, loss of experienced workers, a depleted customer base and population shrinkage. These consequences are exacerbated by community losses resulting in a reduction in disposable income. The flow-on through the disaster affected community has been likened to the domino effect. It addresses the economic consequences of disasters on communities and includes a framework of economic recovery principles as well as strategies to implement those principles. In this publication the term â€Å"economic† is used with respect to the costs to the community caused by the disaster while â€Å"financial† is used with respect to those schemes aimed at providing monetary sources to assist recovery. The range of economic effects and consequences on a disaster affected community is relative to the specific nature of the event and the economic demographics of the affected community Economic Consequences of Disasters: The economic effects of disasters can be devastating and widespread. When disasters strike houses, businesses and community infrastructure get damaged or destroyed and people’s livelihoods are temporarily and sometimes permanently disrupted. Physical damage is the most visible economic impact of disasters. However, the less visible impacts such as lost income through being unable to trade are just as significant and the consequences often last longer than the physical damage (for example, bankruptcy and business closures). The flow-on effects through a community can be pervasive. The range of economic effects and consequences for a disaster-affected community vary greatly and depend on both the nature of the event and the economic health of the community. It is also important to recognise that communities are diverse. In some cases, disaster-affected communities recover and prosper, in others the adverse economic impact has a domino effect that spreads throughout the community. What makes some communities recover and prosper and others decline in the aftermath of a disaster? What are key characteristics of disaster-resistant communities? These are important questions and are critical to understanding the economic recovery process. The principles and strategies identified later in this report provide a starting point for considering these questions. The economic consequences of disasters can be classified in a variety of ways. No single framework will cover and prescribe every possible impact a disaster might have. Each disaster has unique characteristics and consequently in any attempt to classify these impacts there will always be impacts that do not fit neatly within the classification. Nevertheless a classification framework is a useful guide or tool we can use to tackle these issues. Almost all impacts of disasters have an economic dimension, even if this economic effect cannot be measured. Economic impacts are typically divided into two categories: tangible (those impacts we can assign a dollar value to) and intangible (impacts which are not easily expressed in monetary terms). These impacts are then further subdivided into direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts are those that result from the physical destruction or damage to buildings, infrastructure, vehicles and crops etc. Indirect impacts are due to the consequences of the damage or destruction. Figure 1 illustrates the impacts of disasters using three main categories-direct, indirect and intangible. An alternative approach is to examine the impacts of disasters in terms of who or what is affected. Three groupings are common: * Public infrastructure and community facilities; * Business enterprises (commercial, industrial, retail, service, agricultural etc); and * Residents and households. Using figure 1 and BTE Report 103 a brief discussion of the direct, indirect and intangible impacts of disasters on each of these three groups follows. FIGURE 1 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A DISASTER Culture Heritage Clean up Infrastracture Intangible impacts Health Aspects Death injury I Indirect Impacts Business Disruption Disaster Impacts Direct Impacts Agriculture Commercial buildings 1. Direct Economic Impacts: Public Infrastructure and Community Facilities: Lifelines (such as water and sanitation systems, electricity, gas, telecommunications and transport) are vulnerable to all types of disasters. Direct damage to lifeline infrastructure includes the immediate physical damage (eg. oads cracked or washed away, destroyed electrical transformers and so on) and also the damage which may take some time before becoming visible (eg. accelerated road deterioration due to the effect of water intrusion under road pavements). Public buildings include schools, child care centres, kindergartens, hospitals, nursing homes, neighbourhood centres, churches, entertainment/art/cultural centres, museums, clubs and so on. Direct damage to public buil dings can also be thought of using the break up into structural (eg. roofs, walls etc), contents (eg. urniture, floor coverings and specialist items like sound systems and paintings etc) and external (eg. Playground equipment, swimming pools etc) damage. Business Enterprises include commercial, industrial, retail, service and agricultural business types. The economic impact of disasters on agricultural enterprises is often treated separately from other business types. Essentially however the impact on businesses can be viewed as falling into 3 main areas. * structural damage to buildings such as shops,factories, plants, sheds, barns, warehouses, hotels and so on. This includes damage to foundations, walls, floors, roofs, doors, in-builtfurniture, windows etc. * contents damage to fixtures and fittings (eg. carpets), furniture, office equipment, farm equipment, records, product stock (finished manufactured products, works in progress and input materials), crops, pastures, livestock etc. and * external damage, for example, to motor vehicles and fences. Residents and Households: The residential sector includes houses, flats, unit, townhouses and so on. The break up of direct damage into structural (eg. roofs, walls etc), contents (eg. furniture, floor coverings etc) and external (eg. wimming pools, gardens etc) is equally useful for this category. 2. Indirect Economic Impacts: Indirect impacts are those that are incurred as a consequence of the event, but are not due to the direct impact. Many indirect impacts are common to the public/community sectors business, and household (for example, disruption and clean up). Disruption effects: The disrup tion to the community, businesses and households caused by disasters is pervasive. The economic impact of disruption and its consequences for community recovery is often overlooked, as economic recovery can tend to focus on the highly visible direct physical damage. The following categories list the common forms of disruption relevant to each area. Sector/Area of impact| Disruption Examples| Business| —Lost or deferred production (eg. manufacturing, agriculture, services etc)—Lost or deferred income/trade/sales/value added (eg. Tourism operators, retail traders etc)—Increased costs (eg. freight, inputs, agistment)| Public services and networks| —Transport (traffic delays, extra —operating costs etc)—Loss of computer controlled systems—Loss of other lifelines (eg. electricity)—Government services (eg. ducation)| Households| —Additional costs (eg. alternative accommodation and transport, heating, drying out costs, medical costs etc)| Natural disasters can cause serious disruption to affected businesses which may not be able to operate during the event, and for some time afterwards, while the premises are being cleaned and equipment repaired. Business lost during this period can have de vastating financial consequences and in some cases the business may not recover at all. Loss of farm income due to a natural disaster can affect the economies of country towns. For example, the Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics (ABARE 2000) estimates that farm expenditure represents at least a third of the economies of towns with less than 1000 people. Disasters that reduce farm expenditure can therefore have a major effect on the economies of small towns. Clean up: Cleaning up after a disaster is another obvious area of indirect impact. The impact for public and community infrastructure, businesses and households is essentially the time it takes and the costs of cleaning materials. Clean up activities typically include removal of mud and debris, disassembly and cleaning of machinery and equipment, removal of destroyed household and business contents items and so on. 3. Intangible Economic Impacts Intangible impacts are often described as a ‘catch all’ that includes all those costs that are very difficult to estimate, for which there is no agreed method of estimation and for which there is no market to provide a benchmark. Evidence suggests that the size of intangible costs is substantial and although most cannot be quantified, in many cases they do still have an economic impact that should not be ignored. Sector/Area of impact| Intangible impact examples| Business| —Loss of confidence—Loss of future contracts—Loss of experienced staff| Public/Community| —Health impacts (deferral of procedures, reduced quality of care etc)—Death and injury—Loss of items of cultural significance—Environmental impacts—Heritage losses—Lack of access to education, health, defence, art galleries and museums etc| Residents and households| —Loss of personal memorabilia—Inconvenience and disruption, especially to schooling and social life. —Stress induced ill-health and mortality—Pets—Quality of life—Dislocation| Conclusion: Assistance that ensures the survival of the existing economic infrastructure of a region is vital to disaster recovery, but it should not be so great as to affect the natural economic laws of supply and demand operating on the sales and distribution of existing products or services. Government can initiate major projects, that can assist in erasing some of the bad memories of the past and provide a boost in construction and service jobs into the area. References: (1) http://en. wikipedia. org. (2) www. ndmindia. nic. in/ (3) www. ndma. gov. in/ (4) disastermgmt. bih. nic. in/ (5) http://saarc-sdmc. nic. in/index. asp How to cite Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters, Essay examples

jane eyre Essay Summary Example For Students

jane eyre Essay Summary Title: Jane EyreAuthor: Charlotte BronteGenre: fictional novelSetting: 19th century England, Yorkshire MoorsPoint of View: first personNarrator: Jane Eyre telling it as an adult flashing back to her childhoodCHARACTERS:Jane Eyre:Jane is the orphaned daughter of a poor parson and his disinherited wife. She livesat Gateshead Hall in the care of her aunt, Sarah Gibson Reed. She is lonely and depressedhere because she is abused emotionally and physically. She later enrolls at Lowood, aboarding school for poor, orphaned girls. There, Jane distinguishes herself in her classesand finds love and compassion through the kindness of Ms. Temple and Helen. Sheeventually takes a position as a governess to a little French girl, Adele Varens, the ward ofEdward Rochester, the master of Thornfield Hall. Jane and Rochester develop a mutualadmiration and love for each other. Their marriage plans are interrupted, however, andJane flees to Thornfield Hall. In the intervening years separation before their eventualmarriage, she establishes her independence. The two finally find happiness together andproduce a son.John Reed:The 14 year old who bullies Jane and is spoiled by his mother. He is violent andabusive and is condescending in his treatment in his treatment to Jane. Later in life, hereduces his mother to poverty and dispair by leading a dissipated life. At the age of 23, hedies and is rumored to have killed himselfEliza ReedThe older daughter of the Reed family. She is frugal to the point of being greedy. She keeps chickens, hoards her eggs and chicken money, and lends it to he mother at ahigh interest rate. When her mother lies on her deathbed, she cold-heartedly ignores herand devotes herself to religion. After Mrs. Reeds death she becomes a nun at a conventin Lisle, France, and eventually rises to a position of Mother Superior, leaving her fortuneto the nunnery. Georgiana:The vain, self-indulgent beauty of the Reed family. She is acrid and selfish (wontlet Jane play with her toys). She accuses Eliza for ruining her plans to marry Lord ErwinVere. She later goes to London and marries a wealthy man. Aunt Sarah Reed:The mean-spirited widow of Jane Eyres uncle who torments Jane at everyopportunity. She is hypocritical and feigns to Janes benefactress. Despite Janes attemptto make up for the past, Mrs. Reed rejects Janes reconciliation and dies alone, andunloved. Bessie Lee:The servant at Gateshead Hall who consoles Jane with treats from the kitchen,Gullivers Travels, and sang her songs when she was excluded from the family festivities,and visits Jane at Lowood. Bessie later marries Robert Leaven, the coachman, has 3children, and continues working for the Reed family. Miss Abbot:The servant at Gateshead Hall who treated Jane condescendingly and referred toher as a toad. Mr. Lloyd:The apothecary who treats Jane at Gateshead. He perceives Janes unhappinessand thinks of solutions to her problem: live with her fathers poor relatives or go toboarding school. Mr. Brocklehurst:The head of Lowood School who interviews Jane. His grim, hypocriticalevaluation of Janes shortcomings follows her to Lowood where he publicly labels her aliar. He is austere and preaches fire and brimstone; however, his wife and daughters areluxuriously dressed. Helen Burns:The 14 year old motherless child from Northumberland. She befriends Jane atLowood and offers encouragement by word and example as the two friends endure thehardships of school life. She is punished by Ms. Scatcherd to wear dirty clothes andslattern across her forehead. On her deathbed, she anticipates contentment with God anda reunion with Jane in heaven. .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .postImageUrl , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:hover , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:visited , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:active { border:0!important; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:active , .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1752590780b90d890e111970614988ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Resplendent Rivendel EssayMaria Temple:The superintendent and music teacher at Lowood. She positively influences Janeby showing her kindness and sympathy, and how to nurse her animosity. She later marriesRev. Mr. Nasmyth. Edward Fairfax Rochester:After Rowland, Edwards brother, receives the entire Rochester family inheritance,Edward is tricked into marrying an insane woman whom he barely knows. His love forJane rekindles love, although his wife is secretly locked up in a third story room ofThornfield. Following the death of his wife, the loss of his home to a terrible fire,blindness, and the amputation of his left hand, he is reunited with Jane at Ferndean,marries her, and recovers enough vision in one eye to see their son. Blanche Ingram:The shallow daughter of Lady Ingram who uses her glamour to lure Rochestertoward a marriage proposal. However, her enthusiasm for Edward fades when hediscloses that his fortune is not as large as he had thought. Celine Varens:The French mistress of Mr. Rochester. Edward, however, broke of their affairafter overhearing her ridicule him to another man. Adele Varens:The child of Celine whom Edward refuses to claim as his own daughter, but raisesher as his ward at Thornfield anyway. Her association with Jane Eyre, her governessesand friend, brings happiness to both of them. Bertha Antoinette Mason Rochester:The daughter of a West Indies planter who conceal her retardation and madnesscharacteristic of her mothers side of the family and marries Edward, a son of her fathersbusiness partner. After 4 years, Edward takes her to Thornfield and locks her in a roomunder the care of Grace Poole. She cleverly escapes from her keeper at intervals andcauses mischief. Aware that Rochester plans to marry Jane, Bertha ignites Janes bed,then leaps from the roof to her death. Richard Mason:A merchant and Bertha Masons brother. He visits Thornfield and suffers bitingsand stabbing from his sister. After learning of Janes engagement, he makes a second visitto Thornfield and halts the wedding by announcing Edwards intention to commit bigamy. Grace Poole:A trustworthy employee at Thornfield Hall whose position remains a mystery untilRochester reveals the existence of his wife. Graces fondness of gin gives Berthaoccasional opportunities to wander around Thornfield and harm its residents. St. John Rivers:The overly zealous minister of the parish at Morton He serves as the head of hisfamily after his fathers death and saves Jane from starvation. He attempts to repress hispassion for Rosamond Oliver, prepare himself for the mission fields of India, and forceJane to marry him, and serve as his missionary assistant. Jane refuses and St. John remains unmarried. John Eyre:Janes uncle; her fathers brother. He is a self-made man who attempts to locatehis niece, Jane, in order to leave her his fortune after his quarrel with St. Johns fathermakes it impossible foe him to leave his money to the Rivers children. THEMESPreternatural Motif: Things cant be explained according to nature or natural event. * the story that Bessie told of Gytrassh* The ghost of Mr. Reed in the red room* The recurring dream that Jane has of an infant wailing, laughing. This is supposed to bea bad omen as Jane recalls Bessies dream which results in the death of Bessies sister. After Janes dream, she hears of John Reeds death. * Jane has a dream of her mother who tells her to flee temptation She leaves beforedawn with 20 shillings. She then takes a coach to Whitcross. That was the farthest hermoney could take her. Realism: In literature it is a manner of presentation that stresses an accurate even perhapsfactual presentation Of subjetal manner. The emphasis is on the rational.It depictsaccurately the human condition. It also presents ills of society. Ex: treatment in schools-Brontes sister died because of thisIlls of Society:* prejudice against different classesThis is revealed in the servants and the Reeds condescending treatment of Jane. She is considered inferior since she is poor. This is revealed also when the apothecary iscalled in instead of a doctor when Jane is sickThe upper and lower class do not speak to each other. 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The Scarlet Letter free essay sample

Sin is the main theme in The Scarlet Letter. All of the characters in the book were somehow affected by the main sin, which was adultery. The three main characters were the most widely affected, and their whole lives were molded by the way they dealt with the sin. The sin surrounds, encloses, and strangles them. There was no escaping from its cruel consequences. Hester Prynnes sin was labeled an adulteress, and the result of this was that she had to wear the scarlet letter A. She feels that her sin has taken away everything she had, and given her one thing in return; that is, her baby. Although she had dignity and pride when she first stepped out of the prison and when she stood upon the scaffold this A alienated and separated her from the community, and she stood alone with her child as she does for the most of her life following this event. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From then on, she had to live away from the community with her baby, Pearl, and was shunned by everyone. The sin she committed made her think that death would be an easy way out and that she deserves little, for she says, I have thought of death, have wished for it, would have even prayed for it, were it fit that such as I should pray for anything (Hawthorne 138). Throughout the next years, the sin Hester committed changes her whole life. Once she was a beautiful woman, Hester now looks Swallowed up by life. Once passionate, she is now serious. She had a quality of womanhood that has now faded away. Her plain gray clothes symbolize her temperament and disposition. There are also good effects that the sin has on her. She becomes more giving and caring, and is endlessly helping the poor and sick and doing neighbors favors. Hester feels that she owes these things to the community, and is also forcing herself into submission for the community. The sin stays with her throughout her life, and even when she leaves her town, she feels obligated to come back and complete her punishment. The sin made her lifestyle worse, but it changed her character for the better. Arthur Dimmesdale, a reverend in the Puritan Church, committed the sin of adultery with Hester. The difference between their cases was that Dimmesdale did not confess until seven years after the crime was done. Although he never received a punishment from the government as Hester did, he punished himself Everyday. He was tortured with guilt in his heart; as a result, carried out fasts, and other physical damage to himself. As a result of not confessing his sin, he despised himself more than anything. The fact that his parishioners love him more than they had after he told a sermon about hypocrites makes him loathe himself so much more. Over the seven years that this story takes place in, Dimmesdale becomes very ill. He becomes pale, nervous and sickly. After a while, it gets to the point where he uses a cane to walk, and people were afraid for his life. The reason for his illness is not any disease, but the effect of sin and guilt on his shoulders. After putting himself through a living hell for seven years; finally, Dimmesdales dying words are his confession. Roger Chillingworth comes to Boston to find his wife, Hester Prynne. When he arrives, she is standing upon a scaffold with a baby in her arms. After finding out what was going on, the first thing he says is It irks me, nevertheless, that the partner of her inquity should not, at least, stand on the scaffold by her side. But he will be known! he will be known! he will be known (Hawthorne 186)! This foreshadows the sin that he commits, which is greater than Hester and Dimmesdales. Chillingworth spends his entire life trying to finding Hesters partner in crime and punishing him. He suspects Dimmesdale and so becomes his doctor and moves in with him. Once he was certain of him; in addition, he keeps him alive to live in agony. The effect of his great sin on his own character is that of a complete transformation to evil. His physical characteristics become twisted and corrupted;as a result, as does his soul and life purpose. His one-track mind leads him to eventual self-deterioration. He is the worst sinner in the book, and once his demonic transformation was complete, there was no turning back. The way sin affects the lives of the characters in the book, and the way they each deal with it is enlightening;however, still unsettling. In a way, we can see why the characters acted the way they did, but its unsettling to see them end up the way they did. If there is one thing to learn from The Scarlet Letter, it is not to give in to sin, and if you already have, own up to it and learn from it. After reading this novel, many may find themselves questioning, whose sin was the worst? Opinions may differ, but one character stands out from the rest. Minister Dimmesdale committed the worst sin, because not only did he commit adultery, he kept his sin hidden from the world, punishing himself; then, preaching the importance of repentance and forgiveness. He adds hypocrisy and deceit to his sin, while his conscience slowly eats away at his soul. In Conclusion, Throughout The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the effects of sin on the mind, body, and soul of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth are all visible even though there are manifested in different ways for each character. Each of the three are living an enormous burden of sin and each reflects the inner torture inflicted by carrying around such sin in differing ways.

How to Manage Finances after College

How to Manage Finances after College Youve finished college and now you can learn the true meaning of adulthood: working hard and paying the bills. Its easy to think that youve recently graduated and may start worrying about money later. The problem with later, though, that it may never come. Soon youll find out that your life is far from that financial paradise you awaited. To avoid this situation, you need to know how to manage money after college. Here are some great tips that will help you stay on the right track. Have a Clear Sense of Monthly Expenses After college, youre going to have a lot of new expenses. Usually, they include the rent, food, clothes, utilities, transportation, and entertainment. You need to conduct some research to find out the cost of living: Figure out the average rent in your area and find information about how much it costs to share an apartment with a friend. Estimate how much money you need on food. Take your dietary habits into account. Determine the transportation costs. If you have a car, you do know how much money you need to use it every month. Think about what it costs to live in general. Consider purchases, gifts, cell phone, entertainment, etc. Once you have a clear understanding of where you stand and your monthly expenses, you can start creating a budget. 2. Make a Budget and Stick to It Getting used to living on a budget is a great habit for future. Creating a budget is the first step to your financial responsibility, thats why you need to take it seriously. Mapping up a budget will allow you to live within your means and avoid impulsive purchases. Once you have a list of your monthly expenses, you can start cutting some of them and find cheaper options to save some money. Remember that in creating your budget, it is important to start with the most essential things. Its always wise to limit entertainment and eating out if you feel that you cant stick to your financial plan. 3. Take Your Student Loans Seriously Paying off student loans can be daunting, but you shouldnt ignore these expenses. It is important to pay at least a minimum amount every month, and even a bit more if its possible. The secret is: the more you pay now, the less youll need to pay later! If you struggle with payment, think about choosing another payment plan. You can also ask a lender if it has forbearance program or can offer you another payment plan. There is always a way out, just make sure to pay your student loans on time and include these expenses into your monthly budget. 4. Save Money to Cover Unexpected Expenses You may think that you plan your expenses and try to stick to your budget, so you are set for life. But then something happens and you need an extra thousand dollars. Car crash, illness, moving costs the reasons can be various. How to get that much- needed cash? The answer is to save money in advance to have an emergency fund if necessary. Most people think that saving is something they can do later. But if you start saving right after college, you would be surprised at how much youll have in a couple of years. Therefore, make certain to have a room in your budget to be ready for any situation in future. 5. Plan for Your Retirement Wait, you just finished college and found a job and you need to think about your retirement? It may sound a bit weird, but yes. Retirement plans are crucial when you are still in your 20s. The earlier you begin saving, the better your future will be. Make sure to take this aspect of financial planning seriously and start contributing right away. Its never too early to start saving for retirement. The last advice to help you manage finances: Never spend more than you earn and always live within your means. May the wind always be at your back!

Whistle-blowers. Reasons, Outcomes and Company Loyalty Research Paper

Whistle-blowers. Reasons, Outcomes and Company Loyalty - Research Paper Example Whistle blowers generally inform the world about the unethical practices going on inside the organisation which would seek the interest of public. According to the professional ethics, an employee is expected to give more importance to the collegial loyalty; however, the code of ethics often consider the loyalty towards the public and society to be more important and emphasises more on the professionals’ moral responsibilities. The United States Code of ethics for the government employees directs them to â€Å"expose corruption wherever uncovered† and to â€Å"put loyalty to the highest moral principles and to country above loyalty to persons, party, or government† (Bok, S. â€Å"Whistle-blowing and Professional Responsibility†: 70) The objective of this project is to explain the corporate ethics along with the importance and responsibilities related with whistle blowing taking the Enron case into consideration. A few recommendations will also be suggested in this project about the responsibilities of a whistle blower and what can be the outcomes of whistle blowing. Whistleblower A whistle blower is the employee who reveals the malpractices going on in his/her organisation by disclosing the organisational secrets to the public. Notably, this kind of disclosers can be made by employees of a particular organisation not necessarily to the public, but also to the higher authorities and the concerned governmental institutions as well. Any kind of leakage of secret information generally harms an organisation and may possibly result in the termination of the employee (Bok, S. â€Å"Whistle Blowing and Professional Responsibility†). Current practices have revealed various such instances of whistle blowing among which Enron’s case has been one of the milestones in corporate history. Enron is a large-sized Houston-based company which deals in energy commodities. This company employed around 21,000 of individuals and was amongst t he world’s leading companies of natural gas, electricity, paper and pulp and communications, which was known to claim revenues of $111 billion in the year 2000 (Scribd Inc, â€Å"Business Ethics Case†). However, the company became insolvent by 2001 and intended to save billions which it owed to its investors, though by unethical means. In such situation, Sherron Watkins, the ex-vice president of the company uncovered the miserable situation in front of public after her strategies to consult with the higher authorities concerning the matter failed. In the case of Enron, Sherron Watkins understood her responsibilities towards the innocent investors who trusted the company and found her moral ethics to be more important than the corporate ethics (The Buffalo News, â€Å"Enron Whistle-Blower Says Case Shows Need for Better Safeguards†). Reasons for Whistle Blowing Organisations, in the modern day context are often witnessed to conduct malpractices which in turn are quite likely to hamper the community welfare or the interests of its stakeholders to a large extent. Knowing the malpractices of the management, when an employee perceives his/her moral responsibilities toward the society as more important than his/her company loyalty, the individual decides to blow the whistle.