Addition, Constituents May Hold Members Accountable For

addition, constituents may hold members accountable for the collective actions of Congress (see Adler and Wilkerson 2012). Constituents overall prefer moderate legislators, which suggests the median-voter and personal voter matter of the incumbent reelection. Vanishing Marginals The effect of increasing approval of a district s member of Congress has increased the percentages of votes, which is influenced by a member’s congressional activities and explanations of these activities. Mayhew (1974), evaluating the margin of victory of House incumbents from 1956-1972, highlighted that there are vanishing marginals. Incumbents are being elected a higher vote percentage than in the past. Meaning that Congressmen are being reelected outside†¦show more content†¦Vulnerabilities vary from district to district based on differences of challenger’ skills, resources, and campaign messages (see Fenno 1978 - home-style; Jacobson 1980—campaign resources). Bauer and Hibbing (1989) take issue with Jacobson’s (1987) argument. They conclude that there has been an increase in the likelihood of incumbents winning â€Å"big† in the next election. Most incumbents lose to the redistricting factor or exogenous/perso nal scandals—such as Watergate. Moreover, they find a decrease the level of seat competition, which might explain the vanishing marginals. Considering, the decline of party organizations as a mechanism to select candidates for office and become â€Å"in-service† to candidates, offices that were once competitive are not longer to be sustained in a candidate-centered environment (King 1987, Mayhew 1974; Fiorina 2002). Candidates produce their personal brand to appear to voters. Hall and van Houweling (1995) evaluate the avarice and ambition of House members’ career decision. Politicians act toward their financial self-interests, and one such matter is the post-retirement pension benefits. 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